Troy Dayton pops a little white pill
every morning. He's one of the 10 million
Americans taking a daily antidepressant.
But in his case, he says he was never
depressed in the first place.
This 29-year-old political lobbyist is
one of the happiest people you'll ever
meet. He's constantly smiling, and says
he wakes up belly-laughing two or three
times a week. Dayton says he's an optimist
by nature, and that his daily dose of
Wellbutrin makes him feel even better.
"Wellbutrin makes me feel great,"
Dayton stated. "Wellbutrin made me
feel clear-headed, much more able to focus.
I don't think it means that I don't ever
experience any sadness, but I think it
makes me experience sadness in a very
healthy way."
Dayton says a doctor first prescribed
Wellbutrin for him 2 1/2 years ago, as
an aid to quit smoking. Buproprion, the
active drug in the antidepressant, helps
smokers quit because it partially blocks
the brain chemicals which keep them hooked.
A recent study by UCLA researchers found
that the drug may help break addiction
to methamphetamine, too. Buproprion also
increases the brain level of dopamine,
a chemical linked to excitement, new experience
and pleasure.
Psychiatrists stated that Dayton's use
of Wellbutrin as a lifestyle drug is potentially
dangerous, although little is known about
the long-term effects.
"These medicines are not harmless,"
said Dr. Peter Kramer, author of "Listening
to Prozac." Kramer said some doctors
think that if you stay on antidepressants
long enough, you'll come to rely on them.
Other doctors believe they might trigger
manic-depressive illness in susceptible
people, he said.
Most antidepressants -- though not Wellbutrin
-- are in a group of drugs known as selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs.
They prevent the body from re-absorbing
the naturally occurring chemical serotonin,
thus increasing serotonin levels in the
brain. It's like plugging up a drain to
keep running water in the sink.
Serotonin, like dopamine, is linked to
good feeling. Those chemicals and others
are released during any pleasurable experience,
like a kiss, or eating a bar of chocolate.
The release of endorphins, another chemical,
is linked to the "runner's high"
experienced by some endurance athletes.
Chemically, there's little difference
between good feelings induced by medication
and those occurring naturally. But the
use of antidepressants by those who don't
need them raises, for many, not just medical
concerns but ethical flags as well. The
concerns grow larger when the subject
turns to illegal drugs. Millions of Americans
take them, but few are willing to admit
it. Once again, Troy Dayton is a rare
exception. He said he takes Ecstasy, also
known as MDMA, about once a year.
He likens the feeling it gives him to
falling in love. "In certain moments,
it's just this feeling of intensity. If
your heart could jump out of your body
and into the other person's, it would."
Dr. Julie Holland, a psychiatrist at
New York University, says MDMA holds promise
as an aid to psychotherapy for some patients,
if taken under the guidance of a trained
therapist under tightly controlled conditions.
The federal government has approved early
human trials
"Our understanding of the brain
is still in its infancy," says Holland.
"The SSRIs that I like to prescribe
take really about two or three weeks before
people start to feel them. The full effects
won't kick in until about four to six
weeks, or six to eight weeks."
By contrast, illicit drugs kick in almost
immediately. Dr. Nora Volkow, director
of the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
says they produce pleasure - and often
lead to addiction - using the same neural
pathways that light up when people have
sex or enjoy a good meal. She says these
pathways also guide primal emotions like
the satisfaction a mother gets from nurturing
her infant.
"It's not that drugs create a new
landscape in our brains," Volkow
said. "Drugs hijack those landscapes
that are there [already], that are extraordinarily
important to motivate our behaviors."
Volkow says Ecstasy users are risking
serious physical harm, including damaged
neurons and deep depression. Government
statistics show Ecstasy is linked to about
8,000 emergency room visits every year,
mostly for overheating and dehydration.
Dayton is unrepentant about his drug
use. "If we have the ability to have
something better, then why not?"
he asks. "However someone can sustain
a certain level of happiness without hurting
someone else, should be celebrated and
not questioned."
Where antidepressants are concerned,
Holland agrees. "I think it's sort
of this puritanical mind set. You're supposed
to sort of go it alone, and you don't
need crutches unless your leg is broken,"
she said.
"[But] short of doing very advanced
PET scans, where you're looking at receptors
and neurotransmitters and things like
this, it's hard to say who really deserves
to take antidepressants and for whom it's
a luxury. Having a private practice in
New York City, I have a lot of luxury-minded
patients who just know if they take something
they'll feel a little bit better. And
I'm okay with that."